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Chronological History of the Kingdom of Hawai'i |
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CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE KINGDOM OF HAWAI'I - 1843: The Kingdom of Hawai’i is granted independence by the United Kingdom and forms a Constitutional Monarchy form of government.
- 1853: The Kingdom of Hawai’i issues a Proclamation of Neutrality.
- 1864: A new Constitution is adopted by the Kingdom
- 1890: An official census is undertaken showing the presence of 48,000 citizens within the Kingdom, 41,000 of were Native Hawaiians. The Census further found that 49,000 foreign nationals were then living in the Kingdom, 1900 were United States citizens.
- January 1, 1893: By this date the Kingdom had received and extended formal diplomatic recognition and entered various treaties with over 60 other nations, including the United States. The Kingdom had by 1890 exchanged ambassadors and consuls with over 90 nations.
- January 18, 1893: The United States Minister to the Kingdom, John Stevens, together with four United States foreign nationals living in the Kingdom and supported by the landing of a contingent of United States Marines in Honolulu, the Kingdom’s capital, , overthrew the Kingdom’s government and imprisoned the reigning monarch. Minister Stevens had gone from Hawai’i to Washington prior to the overthrow of the Kingdom’s government and had received the approval of the United States government to undertake the overthrow of the Kingdom’s government.
- January 18, 1893: A Provisional government, later to be known as the Republic of Hawaii, lead by the conspirators, was installed by the United States. In the period 1893 through 1898 United States Marines were sent to the Kingdom to thwart attempts by Native Hawaiians to restore the Kingdom’s government.
- December 1893: The United States, under the direction of its then President Grover Cleveland, entered into an agreement with the Kingdom’s monarch to restore the government of the Kingdom and its governance over the Hawaiian Archipelago and the Kingdom agreed not to prosecute the conspirators complicit in the January 18, 1893 overthrow. This binding agreement was never implemented by the United States.
- February 1894: William McKinley succeeded Grover Cleveland as President of the United States.
- May 1894: The United States entered into an agreement with the government of the Republic of Hawaii for the United States to annex the lands of the Kingdom . 50,000 citizens and residents of the Kingdom filed a Petition with the Senate of the United States Congress objecting to annexation by the United States.
- 1894 and 1895: United States’ President William McKinley twice submitted the annexation agreement to the Senate of the United States Congress, the approval of which legislative body being required in order that the annexation agreement become a treaty binding the United States. Twice the United States Senate refused to approve the annexation agreement.
- 1898: The United States formally declared war on the Nation of Spain, resulting in a treaty by which Spain ceded the islands of Puerto Rico and Cuba, and the Philippine Islands to the United States.
- Unilateral Annexation by the United States. In 1898 the United States Congress passed legislation known as The Newlands Resolution, claiming then and currently that this legislation constituted the United States' approval of the Treaty of Annexation between the United States and its installed government known as the Republic of Hawaii by two-thirds vote of the United States Senate as required by the United States Constitution. The Senate vote was 42 Senators present and voting in favor, 21 Senators present and voting opposed and 28 Senators present and abstaining.
This vote in fact rejected the Treaty of Annexation because Article xcx of the United States Constitution requires two thirds of the Senators "present" at the time of voting to vote in approval of a treaty. In 1898 there were 46 states each with two elected Senators for a total Senate membership of 92 Senators. At the time of the Senate vote on the Newlands Resolution 91 Senators were present requiring that 61 Senators ( two thirds of the 91 Senators present) vote in approval of the Treaty of Annexation. As only 42 Senators voted to approve the Treaty of Annexation the vote was 19 votes short of the 61 votes required to adopt that Treaty.
- 1917 and 1924: The United States Senate approves the United States participation in the treaties of the Geneva Convention (1917) and the Hague Convention IV (1924).
- 1893 to 1962: The United States prohibits the speaking of the Hawaiian language in public (a criminal offence) and knowingly permits the Christian churches in the Hawaiian Archipelago to coerce the adoption of tens of thousands of Native Hawaiian infants to non Hawaiian adoptive parents.
- 1917-1918 and 1941-1972: The United States conscripts Native Hawaiian males into its military services.
- March 15, 1959: Over 80% of the persons living within the Hawaiian Archipelago are United States nationals; Native Hawaiians constitute approximately 15% 0f the Archipelago’s population. The “citizens” of the Hawaiian Archipelago vote to become a state within the United States.
- November 23, 1993: A resolution is passed by both houses of the United States Congress and is signed by United States president William J. Clinton apologizing to the Native Hawaiian people for the illegal overthrow of the Kingdom’s government in 1893 and for the acts of genocide committed against the Native Hawaiian people.
- 2009: The Akaka Bill is introduced in the United States House of Representatives to place Native Hawaiians and certain “trust” lands reserved to Native Hawaiians under the auspices of the United States Department of The Interior, thus to establish the Native Hawaiian people as an indigenous “tribe” within the United States. This proposed legislation is pending in the United States Congress. United States President Barak H. Obama has stated he will sign the Akaka Bill if passed by the United States Congress.
- August, 2009: The sovereign nation of the Kingdom of Hawai’i will hold elections to reinstate its government and, with the assistance of all nations of good will and under international law, will end over 100 years of the illegal military occupation of the Kingdom by the United States, rejoin the international community of nations and peaceably renew its governance of the lands of the Hawaiian Archipelago through negotiations with the United States.
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